bUlsQsykbfVl ihfM+r cPpksa es iquokZl dk ,d lekt'kkL=h; foospu 

 

nhfIr JhokLro

¼ih0Mh0,Q0½ Nk=k] nh0 n0 m0 xksj[kiqj fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj

 

ABSTRACT:

bl 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mn~ns’; balsQykbZfVl vkSj O;fDr dh lekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr dk ijh{k.k djuk gSA 100 mRrjnkrkvks dk v/;;u djds bl “kks/k i= dks rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA

 

 

 

ÁLrkouk %&

vPNk LokLF; lcls ewY;oku ekuk tkrk gSA LokLF; ekuo thou dh vueksy lEifRr gSA euq"; ds thou vkSj mldh [kq'kh ds fy, LokLF; ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ fdlh vU; oLrq dh dYiuk dj ikuk dfBu gSA lkekUr;k% LokLF; ls rkRi;Z chekfj;ksa ls eqDr gksus ls le>k tkrk gSA fo'o LokLF; laxBu us (WHO) us LokLF; dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well deing and not only the absence of disease or infirmity” ÞvFkkZr~ LokLF; ,d 'kkjhfjd ekufld ,oa lkekftd :i ls iw.kZr% larq"V ifjfLFkfr gS** dsoy jksx ,oa nqcZyrk dk u gksuk gh i;kZIr ugha gSA¹

 

dbZ chekfj;ka LokLF; ds fy, [krjk mRiUu djrh gSaA blds vykok fofHkUu izdkj ds laØe.k ekuo tkfr ds fy, dHkh&dHkkj egkekjh cu LokLF; dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA

 

efLr"d Toj ;kuh **bUlsQsykbfVl (Encephalities) uke dh chekjh Hkkjr esa vc rd dbZ eklweksa dh tku ys pqdh gS tks nqyZHk laØe.k gSA  W H O ds  vuqlkj **bl chekjh dk dksbZ bykt ugha gSA y{k.k ds vk/kkj ij gh bykt fd;k tkrk gSA** ;g loZizFke tkiku esa 1935 esa fpafgr fd xbZ Fkh vkSj ogh ls fo'o ds vusd Hkkxks esa foLrkfjr gqbZA vr% bldks ;g uke fn;k x;kA²

 

iwohZ mRrj izns'k esa xzkeh.k {ks= esa izpfyr bUlsQsykbfVl dh chekjh us ;gk¡ dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa LokLF; lsokvksa dh igq¡p esa xEHkhj fo"kerk] dks tUe fn;kA bl {ks= dh xzkeh.k turk f'k{kk LokLF;] iks"k.k vkSj tkx:drk ds vHkko esa bl tkuysok chekjh ds xEHkhj ifj.kkeksa ls vufHkK jgrh gSA ftl dkj.k mUgsa blds xEHkhj ifj.kke Hkqxrus iM+rs gSaA fiNys 40 lkyksa ls tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl us iwohZ mRrj izns'k esa dgj epk;k gS] gj lky ;g gtkjksa cPpksa ds ekSr dk dkj.k curh gSA bl 'kks/k i= esa bl chekjh ls izHkkfor yksxksa dh lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj dks ns[kus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

 

Hkwfedk %

efLr"d Toj] fnekxh cq[kkj ,d ,slk nqyZHk laØe.k gS tks yxHkx djhcu nks yk[k yksxksa esa ls ,d vkneh esa ik;k tkrk gSA ;g fnekx ls lEcfU/kr ,d xEHkhj chekjh gS ftlesa fnekx esa lwtu gks tkrh gSA ;g ,d ,D;qV chekjh gS ftlds y{k.k vpkud fn[kk;h nsrs gSa vkSj rst xfr ls c<+rs gSaA bUlsQsykbfVl ls ihfM+r O;fDr dks xEHkhj fpfdRlk ij /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA ;g ,d izdkj dk fnekxh cq[kkj gS tks ok;jy laØe.k ds dkj.k gksrk gSA ;g [kkl fdLe dk ok;jl ePNj ;k lqvj ds }kjk yksxksa ds chp QSyrk gSA T;knk xUnxh ;qDr txgksa ij Hkh ;g ok;jl rsth ls iuirk gSA ,d ckj 'kjhj ds lEidZ esa vkus ds ckn ;g lh/kk fnekx dh vksj pyk tkrk gSA bUlsQsykbfVl thou ds fy, [krjk gks ldrk gS vkSj vLirky esa vko';d mipkj dh vko';drk gksrh gSA efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa laØe.k] [krjukd lwtu iSnk dj ;k Hkze lfgr dbZ y{k.kksa dks iSnk djrk gS vkSj vusd ekeyksa esa efLr"d {kfr ;k e`R;q Hkh iSnk dj ldrk gSA fnekx es laØe.k dks esfuUtkbfVl dgk tkrk gS tcfd efLr"d dh lwtu dks bUlsQsykbfVl (Encephalitis) dgk tkrk gSA

 

1&    bl chekjh ds fo"kk.kq dk laØe.k ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr ds Nwus vkfn ls ugha gksrk gS dsoy ikyrw lqvj vkSj taxyh i{kh gh tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl ds fo"kk.kq ds eq[; okgd gSaA ftrus yksx bUlsQsykbfVl ls xzflr gksrs gSa muesa ls dsoy 10 izfr'kr esa gh fnekxh cq[kkj ds y{k.k tSls >Vds vkuk] csgks'kh vkSj dksek tSlh fLFkfr gksrh gS vkSj buesa rdjhcu 50-60% yksxksa dh ekSr gks tkrh gS vkSj cps gq, ejht esa ls yxHkx vk/ks ydok xzLr gks tkrs gSaA ;gh ugh muds vk¡[k vkSj dku Bhd ls dke djuk cUn dj nsrs gSaA mUgsa ftanxh Hkj nkSjs vkrs gSa vkSj ekufld viaxrk gks tkrh gSA blls lcls vf/kd f'kdkj 3-15 lky ds cPPks gksrsa gSA W H O ds vuqlkj gj lky nqfu;k esa 68 gtkj tkikuh cq[kkj ds ekeys lkeus vkrs gSaA mRrj izns'k ,oa fcgkj esa bldk izdksi T;knk gSA³

 

balsQykbZfVl dk izdksi lky ds rhu eghus vxLr] flrEcj vkSj vDVwcj esa vius pje ij gksrk gSA eq[;r% ePNj dk iztuu d`f"k vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ks esa T;knk gksrk gS tks jkr ds le; dkVrs gSa mudk ykok ikuh ls Hkjh gqbZ txgksa ij iuirk gS tSls ck<+ dk ikuh] /kku ds [ksr] [kqys LFkku bR;kfnA 

 

1983 vkSj 1990 esa xksok vkSj gfj;k.kk esa Hkh bl pisV esa vk x;sA ,d rjQ nqfu;k vkSj ns'k ds ckdh fgLlksa esa bl ?kkrd fo"kk.kq ds QSyko ij dkcw ik fy;k] ysfdu xksj[kiqj esa blus LFkk;h :i ls iko tek fn;kA⁴

 

dsUnzh; lapkjh jksxh fu;a=.k dk;ZØe (Central Disease Control Program) ds vuqlkj mRrj izns'k] if'peh caxky] vle] fcgkj lesr 14 jkT;ksa esa bl chekjh dk izHkko gS ysfdu iwokZUpy esa bl chekjh dk izdksi T;knk gSA mRrj izns'k ds xksj[kiqj] egkjktxat] dq'khuxj] cLrh] fl)kFkZuxj] lardchjuxj] nsofj;k] eÅ vknh 12 ftys blls izHkkfor gSaA⁵

 

’kks/k izfof/k %

;g v/;;u mÙkj izns’k jkT; esa fd;k x;k gSA tula[;k ,oa {ks=Qy dh n`f’V ls ;g izns’k fof'k’V LFkku j[krk gSA mÙkj izns’k ds xkssj[kiqj eaMy esa /kku dh [ksrh cgqrk;r esa gksrh gSA /kku ds vfrfjDr xsgw¡ cktjk] ljlks bR;kfn vuktkasa dh d`f’k gksrh gSA ;g {ks= rjkbZ {ks= esa vkrk gS blfy;s ;gk¡ ckfj’k Hkh vf/kd gksrh gSA vR;kf/kd ckfj'k gksus ls ;gk¡ ty tfur chekfj;ksa dk cksy ckyk jgrk gSA d`f’k vk/kkfjr vFkZO;oLFkk gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ dh vf/kdka’k tula[;k fiNM+h gSA ;gk¡ ds d`’kd vf/kdrj etnwjksa ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA viuh vkfFkd fLFkfr lq/kkjus ds fy, lqvj ikyu vkSj eqxhZ ikyu Hkh djrs gSA

 

Xkksj[kiqj eaMy esa dqy pkj ftys gSA o’kZ Hkj es ;gk¡ pkj ekSle gksrs gS xzh’e] ekulwu] “kjn vkSj clUrA xzh’e dky esa ;gk¡ dk vkSlr rkieku 35⁰C – 48⁰C ds chp jgrk gSA ekulwu twu ds e/; ;k vafre lIrkg esa nLrd nsrk gS tks fd flracj rd jgrk gSA blh vof/k esa d`f’k xfrfof/k;k¡ pje ij gksrh gSA

 

v/;;u gsrq xksj[kiqj eaMy ds pkj ftys fpfUgr fd;s x, gSA ;s ftys gS xksj[kiqj] nsofj;k] dq'khuxj] vkSj egkjktxatA bUgh ftyks ls mRrjnkrkvks dks fpfUgr fd;k x;k tks dHkh u dHkh balsQsykbfVl ;k lacaf/kr fcekfj;ks ls xzflr FksA

mRrjnkrkvks dks p;u djus gsrqmn~ns';iw.kZ fun’kZu i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA mRrjnkrkvks dks nks Jsf.k;ks esa ;Fkk f'kf{kr vkSj vf'kf{kr esa foHkDr fd;k x;kA rnUrj iz’ukoyh] lk{kkrdkj] vuqlwph vkSj oS;fDrd v/;;u izfof/k dk iz;ksx dj 'kks/k dks fn’kk nh xbZA

 

ladfyr lekxzh dk fo’kys’k.k dj =qfV;k ,oa vLi’Vrkvksadks nwj fd;k x;k fQj mudk laiknu djds vkdM+ks dk mi;qDr lkj.kh esa izLrqr fd;k x;k izLrqr vkadM+ks dk ladsru fd;k x;k i”pkr vkdM+ks dk vyx vyx oxhZdj.k djds mUgs lke-;hdj.k fd;k x;kA

 

vkdM+ks dk p;u %

'kks/k dh v/;;u i)fr izLrqr 'kks/k i= ds fy, vkadM+s xksj[kiqj ds esfMdy dkyst esa fLFkr iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrk ftles cPps tkikuh cq[kkj ls ihfM+r gksus ds Bhd gksus ds mijkUr bl iquokZl dsUnz ij vk;s muls lwpuk izkIr djus dk dk;Z fd;k x;k rFkk 'kks/k ds mn~ns'; dks izkIr djus ds fy, o.kZukRed 'kks/k vfHkdYi dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mn~n';iw.kZ ¼Purposive Sampiling½ fun'kZu dk pquko djrs gq, iquokZl dsUnz ls 100 mÙkjnkrkvksa dk pquko fd;k x;k gS vkSj o"kZ 2018 vxLr ls ekpZ rd vkadM+s ,d= fd;s x;s gSaA

 

lkj.kh 1 ch0vkj0Mh0 esfMdy dkyst esa bUlsQsykbfVl ls gqbZa ekSrsa

Lkkj.kh 2

 

lkj.kh 3

 

lkj.kh 4

lzksr⁶

 

Lkkj.kh 1 esa 10 o"kksZ ds balsQsykbfVl ds vkdM+s çLrqr gS 1978 ls 1987 ds chp dqy 1489 ekeys lkeus vk, ftlesa 462 dh e`R;q gks xbZ ;g vkadM+s bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gS fd ;g chekjh fdruh ?kkrd vkSj xaHkhj gS

 

Lkkj.kh 2 esa 10 o"kksZ ds balsQsykbfVl ds vkdM+s çLrqr gS 1988 ls 1997 ds chp dqy 3543 ekeys lkeus vk, ftlesa 1198 dh e`R;q gks xbZ ;g vkadM+s bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gS fd ;g chekjh fdruh ?kkrd vkSj xaHkhj gS

 

Lkkj.kh 3 esa 10 o"kksZ ds balsQsykbfVl ds vkdM+s çLrqr gS 1998 ls 2007 ds chp dqy 13284 ekeys lkeus vk, ftlesa 2865 dh e`R;q gks xbZ ;g vkadM+s bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gS fd ;g chekjh fdruh ?kkrd vkSj xaHkhj gS

 

Lkkj.kh 4 esa 10 o"kksZ ds balsQsykbfVl ds vkdM+s çLrqr gS 2008 ls 2016 ds chp dqy 21984 ekeys lkeus vk, ftlesa 4842 dh e`R;q gks xbZ ;g vkadM+s bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gS fd ;g chekjh fdruh ?kkrd vkSj xaHkhj gS

 

tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl ds rhu eq[; çdkj gksrs gS%&

1&    tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl %&

bldk fo"kk.kq lqvjksa esa ik;k tkrk gS tc fdlh lqvj dks eknk ePNj dkVrk gS rks bUlsQsykbfVl dk fo"kk.kq lwvj ds 'kjhj ls ePNj ds 'kjhj esa pyk tkrk gS vkSj ePNj euq"; dks dkVrk gS rks ;g ok;jl euq"; ds 'kjhj esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA detksj 'kjhj okyksa euq"; ds 'kjhj esa ;g rsth ls QSyrk gSA ;g chekjh 2&3 o"kZ ds vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy;s csgn [krjukd gSA

 

2&    bVsjks ok;jy bUlsQsykbfVl %&

ekuo ey ew= ls dbZ rjg ds ok;jl ekStwn gksrs gSaA ew= esa ekStwnk ok;jl is;ty esa iui tkrs gSa ftlls ;g chekjh gksrh gSA

 

3&    Ldwy Vk;Qwl %&

>kfM+;ksa esa ekStwn dhM+s ds dkVus ls ijthoh 'kjhj esa izos'k dj tkrk gS] ftlls ;g chekjh gksrh gSA⁷

 

'kks/k dh leL;k %&

iwohZ mRrj izns'k esa LokLF; lqfo/kk eqgS;k djkus dk xq:Rrj nkf;Ro ljdkj ij fuHkZj gSA bl {ks= esa tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl ,d egkekjh ds :i esa O;kIr gSA cjlkr esa ;g chekjh vkSj xEHkhj :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS vkSj gj lky cPpksa ds fy;s dky ds leku vorfjr gksrh gSA chekjh lquus esa lkekU; lh yxrh gS ijUrq ,slk ugha gSA ;g chekjh dqiks"k.k] vkfFkZd fo"kerk vkSj lkekftd vlekurk dk feyk tqyk izHkko gSA chekjh ds 'kq:vkrh y{k.k nsj ls izdV gksrs gSa blls xzflr cPpksa vkSj mlds vfHkHkkodksa dks tc rd ;g chekjh dk Kku gks ikrk gS rc ;g chekjh fodjky :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS vkSj vlk/; jksx cu tkrh gSaA iwohZ mRrj izns’k dk xksj[kiqj ftyk bl Ckhekjh dk dsUnz gSA mRrj izns’k ds iwohZ fgLls esa ;g chekjh ,d dgj ds rjg vkbZ vkSj fQj jkT; esa LFkkbZ gksrh pyh xbZA lky nj lky iwohZ mRrj izns'k bl chekjh ls izHkkfor gSA bl rF; dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gekjk bl chekjh dh vksj /;ku vkd`"V gwvk ftlls blls tqM+s lekt'kkL=h; igyqvksa ij fopkj fd;k tk ldsA

 

'kks/k ds mn~ns'; %&

bl v/;;u dk mn~ns'; xksj[kiqj esfMdy dkyst fLFky iquokZl dsUnz esa vkus okys mÙkjnkrkvksa dh 'kS{kf.kd ,oa vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks n'kkZuk gSA ,slk djus dk mn~ns’; lg gS fd balsQsykbfVl chekjh rFkk ejhtks ds lekftd vkfFkZd fLFr ds lkFk LokLFk ds çfr mlds n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldsA

 

rkfydk la[;k % 1-1 xksj[kiqj esafMdy dkWyst fLFkr iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dh f'k{kk dk Lrj

lzksr ¹⁰

 

rkfydk la[;k 1-1 esa iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa ds voyksdu djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys vf'kf{kr@fuj{kj mRrjnkrkvksa dh la[;k vf/kd Fkh ftudh la[;k 60 Fkh rFkk budk izfr'kr 60 izfr'kr FkkA pw¡fd bl {ks= ds vU; {ks=ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd mUur vkSj fodflr ugha gksus ds dkj.k lk{kjrk dh nj cgqr de ik;h tkrh gSA ;gk¡ fuokl djus okys vf/kdka'k yksx uxjksa ls nwj fuokl djus okys eq[;r% nks dkj.k ls f'k{kk ugha dj ikrsA

 

1& d`f"k@[ksrh rFkk O;olk; djds viuk thou ;kiu dj ikrs gSaA viuh vk; Hkkstu rFkk vko';d oLrqvksa ij [kpZ djrs gSaA f'k{kk izkIr djus ds fy, buds ikl iSls ugha gksrsA

 

2& pw¡fd uxjksa ls nwj fuokl djus ds dkj.k buesa vf/kdka'kr% la;qDr iz.kkyh ik;h tkrh gSA vr% ifjokj esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gksus ds dkj.k izR;sd O;fDr ds f'k{kk ds fy;s iSls nsuk buds fy, lEHko ugha gksrkA f'k{kk dk O;kid izpkj o izlkj gksus ds dkj.k ;g vkfFkZd :i ls detksj gksrs gSaA blds vfrfjDr lcls de mRrjnkrk Lukrd Fks budk izfr'kr 6 izfr'krA pw¡fd ;g uxjksa esa fuokl djus ds dkj.k ;gka ij ljdkjh@izkbosV ukSdjh djrs gq, viuk thou ;kiu djrs gSaA viuh vk; Hkkstu ,oa vko';d oLrqvksa ds vykok vius LokLF; ij [kpZ de djrs gSaA 'kgjh fuokl djus ds dkj.k vkfFkd raxh ds dkj.k ;g izk; LokLF; ds izfr mnklhu jgrsa gSA rFkk NksVh eksVh leL;kvksa dk utj vankt djrs jgrs gSA lk/kuks ds vHkko ds dkj.k ;g t:jr iM+us ds ij chekjh dk leqfpr bykt Hkh ugh djk ikrsA

 

rkfydk la[;k & 1-2 xksj[kiqj esafMdy dkWyst fLFkr iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd vk;

 

rkfydk la[;k 1-2 esa iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dh ikfjokfjd vk; dks n'kkZrs gSaA rkfydk la[;k ij n`f"Vxr djus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fuEu vk; oxZ okys ¼5000 ls de izfrekg½ dh la[;k 72 Fkh rFkk budk izfr'kr Fkh 72 izfr'kr FkkA xksj[kiqj vkS|ksfxd :i ls fiNM+k gSA 'kfDr }kjk lapkfyr m|ksx&/kU/kksa dk ;gk¡ vHkko gS ftlds dkj.k ;gk¡ iw¡thxr oLrqvksa dk mRiknu fcYdqy ugha gks ikrkA miHkksx dh oLrqvksa dh fuekZ.k ds fy;s gh ;gk¡ m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr /kheh gSA lkekU; tuekul ;su&dsu&izdkjs.k NksVs&eksVs O;olk; ;k [ksrh dj vius ifjokj dk thou ;kiu dj ikrs gSaA bykt ds fy, iSls tqVk ikuk buds fy;s lEHko ugha gksrkA¹² dqN ,slh chekfj;ka gksrh gSa tks fuEu vk; oxZ esa gh ik;h tkrh gSaA lcls de mRrjnkrk 7001 ls 10000 vk; oxZ ds Fks ftudk izfr'kr 12 FkkA ;g [ksrh ds lkFk&lkFk 'kgjksa esa vkdj vU; O;olk; ;k NksVh&eksVh ukSdfj;k¡ djds viuk thou ;kiu djrs gSaA

 

rkfydk la[;k & 1-3 xksj[kiqj esafMdy dkWyst fLFkr iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dk O;olk;

lzksr ¹³

 

rkfydk la[;k 1-3 esa iquokZl dsUnz vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dk O;olk; dks n'kkZrk gSA rkfydk la[;k 1-3 ij voyksdu djus las Kkr gksrk gS fd iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys lcls T;knk mRrjnkrk d`f"k djus okys Fks ftudh la[;k 52 Fkh vkSj ftudk izfr'kr 52 izfr'kr FkkA pw¡fd ;gk¡ dh vf/kdka'k turk d`f"k ;k [ksrh djus ij vius ifjokj dk ikyu iks"k.k djrs gSaaA blds vfrfjDr lcls de mRrjnkrk dkj[kkuksa esa dke djrs gSaA vkSj budk izfr'kr  4 gSA

 

rkfydk la[;k & 1-4 xksj[kiqj esafMdy dkWyst fLFkr iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dh tkfr

lzksr ¹⁴

rkfydk la[;k 1-4 iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys mRrjnkrkvksa dh tkfr dks n'kkZrs gSaA lkj.kh ij voyksdu djus ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd iquokZl dsUnz ij vkus okys vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mRrjnkrk dh la[;k 60 Fkh vkSj budk izfr'kr 60 izfr'kr Fkk pw¡fd tkfrxr fiNM+kiu gksus ds dkj.k buesa LokLF; ds izfr tkx:drk dk vHkko gSA jgu&lgu dk Lrj lkQ&lQkbZ] [kku&iku] vkokl&fuokl mfpr u gksus ds dkj.k budk LokLF; izHkkfor gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr lcls de mRrjnkrk lkekU; tkfr ds Fks ftudh la[;k 10 Fkh vkSj budk izfr'kr 10 izfr'kr FkkA lkekU; oxZ ds gksus ds dkj.k ;g LokLF; tkx:drk ,oa jgu&lgu dk Lrj mfpr gksus ds dkj.k budh la[;k de gSA

 

fu’d’kZ %

tsbZ - balsQykbZfVl dk ,d lkekU; izpfyr Lo:i gS tks mRrj izns’k ds xksj[kiqj eaMy fLFkr p;fur ftyks esa ik;k x;kA bl Qy dk 'kks/k iMk esa ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k fd fdl izdkj lekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr balsQykbZfVl tSlh chekjh;ksa ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA gekjs bl “kks/k i= us bl rF; dks LFkkfir fd;k gS fd O;fDr dh lekftd – vkfFkZd fLFkfr vkSj balsQykbZfVl chekjh esa /kfu’B laca/k gSA

 

,slk blfy, gS fd balsQykbZfVl ihfM+r lHkh mRrj nkrk xzkeh.k ifjos’k ls lac) Fks tks /kku ds [ksrks ds lehi jgrs FksA ;g /kku ds [ksr balsQykbZfVl ds fy;s mRrjnk;h ¼osDVj ePNjksa½ ds iztuu ds fy, mi;qDr ,oa vuqdqy LFkku gksrk gSA ePNjksa ls cpko ds fy, bu xzkeh.k O;fDr;ksa dks ePNj fujks/kd] ePNjnkuh rFkk ePNj ekjd vkS’kf/k dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A (II) tks ;s viuh [kjkc vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds dkj.k ugh dj ikrsA⁸

 

O;kolkf;d vkSj i;kZoj.k LokLFk ds chp varj fofHkUu lkekftd Lrj ij n`’Vxr gksrs gSA tks e`R;qnj dks izHkkfor dj ldrs gSA⁹ lekftd vkfFkZd Lrjhdj.k Lo;a esa ,d lkekftd “kfDr gS tks fuEu Lrjh; tula[;k ds LokLFk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA¹⁰  D;ksfd fuEu lekftd vkfFkZdLrj ds O;fDr;ksa esa LokLF; laHkkouk;s {kh.k gks tkrh gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k - lkekftd laca/kks dk vkHkko ,oa lkekftd lg;ksx dk vkHkko gksrk gSA

 

fu'd’kZ ds :i esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fuEu vk; vkSj f’k{kk ls ;qDr tula[;k esa LokLF; tkx:drk mRiUu djuk t#jh gSA(IV) O;fDrxr Lrj ij xzkfe.k {ks=ksa esa LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; tkx:drk bl chekjh ds jksdFkke esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuoZgu dj ldrh gSA(V)

 

lUnHkZ xzUFk&lwph

1-    fo’o LokLF; laxBu ÞVSfDudy fjiksZV flfjt 275 pp17

2-    dqekjh :i] tks’kh I;kjs ¼2012½ Þ, fjO;w vkWQ tkikuh balsQsykbfVlÞ bu mRrj izn’k] bafM;k] fo’o LokLF; laxBu lkmFk bLV ,sf’k;k tujy vkWQ icfyd gsYFk 1 ¼4½ 345&374

3-    MsfoM ,u] ,l ,l vkbZ Fkkel] **U;w ,lVheSV vkQ bUlhMsUM vkQ bUlsQsykbfVl bu baXyS.M bejtSUl bUQSD'ku fMtht] okY;we 19 ua0 9] i`0 1455&1462] 2013-

4-    MCyw ,l oSx ,.M lh ih yhFkq] **n fØfudy iztuVs'ku MkbZxuksfll VªhVesaV ,.M vkÅVde vkQ bUlsQsykbfVl** ykbQ bZ;j vkQ ,Dlihfj;Ul ,oa esfMdy lsUVj bu ukjnuZ rkbZoku**] bUVjus'kuy tujy vkQ thjksuVykWth okY;we] 5 ua0 1] i`0 9&12] 2011-

5-    us'kuy osDVj cksu Mhtst dUVªksy izksxzke MkbjsDVksjsV tujy vkQ gsYFk lfoZl] fefuLVªh vkQ gsYFk ,.M QSfeyh osYFk ds;j voysoy] vizSy 4] 2009-

6-    flUgk g"kZ 2017] **lky nj lky ogh eatj] ogh rckgh] jk"Vªh; lgkjk] xksj[kiqjA

7-    gUV ts vkj] ¼tuojh 1924½ ÞVkbi vkWQ bUlsQsykbfVlÞ n tuZy vkQW ujol ,.M esaVy fMfTkt] okY;qe 54b’kq1PP 87

8-    dukSft;k ih lh ¼1981½] **tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl ok;jl ls lEcfU/kr ePNjksa ij i;kZoj.kh; v/;;u fo"k;** dukZVdA

9-    ljdkj vfjneu] ¼2012&2010½ bUQSUlsl ,.M lks”ky bdksukeh LVsVl ,.M baok;jesaVy QSDVj vku fljksykWftdy MkbZXkuksfll tkikuh bUlsQsykbfVl dsl bu osLV caxky] okY;qe 4 PP 02

10-  Jh;ku ¼2010½ ^^tkikuh bUlsQykbfVl dh ?kVuk^^ tujy vkQ fdfudy ,.M Mk;Xuksfll fjlpZ] euhikyA

11-  [kku ,l0 et.al ¼2005&10½ ^^tsbZ O;kid jksx^^ ,f’k;u isflfQd tujy vkWQ Vªksfidy fMftt] v:.kkapy izns'kA

12-  oUnuk lDlsuk et.al ¼2008½ ^^tkikuh bUlsQykbfVl ds foLQksV esa cpkus okys mik;^^ tujy vkWQ ck;ks&lkbUl] mRrj izns'kA

13-  ikSjdksMh Mh- vkSj Vkd;w valk#y ¼2011½ gsYFk ykW ,.M gsYFk ds;j flLVe xykscy ,sdsMfedÞifCy’klZ ubZ fnYyhA

14-  jes’k flag et. al  ¼1993&1997½ ^^tsbZ ls lEcaf/kr [krjksa ds fo"k; ds oLrq tujy us'kuy gsYFk fjlpZ^^ if’peh caxkyA

15-  'kekZ nsoh 'kj.k] 1988 gsYFk] gkfLiVy ,.M dE;qfufVÞ t;nhi ifCyds'ku vkxjkA

16-  xtkuu ,l0 et. al ¼2006½ ^^,D;qV bUlsQykbfVl flUMªkse ds jksfx;ksa esa ok;jl^^ bejthu baQsD'ku fMftt tujy] mRrj izns'kA

17-  xqMIik et. al ¼2005½ d;kZluqj QkjsLV fMftt^^ ih0,y0 vkS] ,l0 usxysDVsMVªksfidy fMftt] nf{k.k HkkjrA

 

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